وبلاگ
کاربرد باتری و انواع آن
قبل از معرفی انواع باتریها، ابتدا لازم است که به خلاصه ساختار باتری را برایتان شرح دهیم! همانطور که میدانید باتریها برای تولید انرژی الکتریکی از واکنشهای شیمیایی استفاده میکنند. هر باتری شامل دو قطب مخالف آند و کاتد است که در آن واکنش اکسایش و در کاتد واکنش کاهش روی میدهد. بخشهایی که در آن اکسایش و کاهش صورت میگیرد، سلول نامیده میشوند. برای تکمیل مسیر جریان برق بین آند و کاتد، باید بین سلول ها پل نمکی قرار بگیرد. در نهایت با بستن یک مدار خارجی به باتری، مسیر شارش الکترون ها تکمیل میگردد.
باتریها معمولاً هم در وسایل خانگی و هم در کاربردهای صنعتی مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند. هر باتری برای هدف مشخصی طراحی و مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد.
در یک تقسیمبندی کلی میتوان گفت دو نوع باتری وجود دارد: باتری اولیه (غیر قابل شارژ) – باتری ثانویه (قابل شارژ)
باتری اولیه
این باتری ها که به پیل های اولیه نیز شهرت دارند باتری هایی هستند که پس از اتمام انرژی ذخیره شده در آن ها امکان شارژ مجدد برایشان میسر نمی باشد و می بایست دور انداخته شوند. قیمت این باتری ها نسبت به سایر باتری ها ارزان تر است و دارای موارد کاربرد گسترده ای می باشند به همین دلیل است که پیلهای اولیه را باتریهای یک بار مصرف مینامند.
چند کاربرد باتریهای اولیه در زیر عنوان شده است:
- اسباببازیها
- ساعت
- وسایل خانگی کوچک
- رایانههای شخصی
- اینورترها
- چراغ قوه و چراغهای اضطراری پرتابل
انواع باتریهای غیر قابل شارژ یا اولیه عبارتند از:
- باتری روی-کربن
- باتری قلیایی آلکالاین
- باتری لیتیومی
- باتری نقره اکسید
- باتری روی-هوا
انواع باتری
در ادامه این مقاله هر یک از باتریهای اولیه عنوان شده را به شما معرفی خواهیم کرد.
- باتری روی کربن
باتریهای روی-کربن که به عنوان باتری خشک نیز شناخته میشوند، نخستین باتریهای خشک تجاری هستند که انرژی بسیار کمی را تامین میکنند. درون این باتریها یک میله کربنی قرار میگیرد که جریان را از الکترود دی اکسید منگنز جذب میکند. این امر میتواند موجب تولید 1.5 ولت ولتاژ مستقیم شود. این نوع باتریها در چراغ قوه، رادیو و ساعت دیواری مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند.
- باتری آلکالین یا قلیایی
باتری آلکالین نیز یک باتری سلولی خشک است که از آند روی و کاتد دی اکسید منگنز تشکیل شده است. بدنه باتری قلیایی از یک محفظه استوانهای فولادی توخالی ساخته شده است و قسمت بیرونی بخش داخلی آن با دی اکسید منگنز پر شده است. در مرکز این باتری الکترولیت روی و هیدروکسید پتاسیم وجود دارد. باتریهای آلکالین نسبت به سایر باتریها چگالی بالاتری دارند. این باتریها معمولاً در پخشکنندههای صوتی، رادیو و چراغ قوهها استفاده میشوند.
- باتری لیتیومی
باتریهای لیتیومی (Lithium Cell) به شکل سکهای یا دکمهای به بازار عرضه میشوند. این باتریها مقدار ولتاژ بیشتری (3ولت) نسبت به باتریهای روی، قلیایی و منگنز تولید میکنند. باتریهای لیتیومی کوچکتر و سبکتر هستند و طول عمر بیشتری دارند (تقریباً 10 سال). مقاومت داخلی این باتریها بالا بوده و همانطور که گفته شد قابل شارژ نیستند.
- باتری نقره اکسید
باتریهای نقره اکسید (Silver Oxide)، باتریهایی کمتوان ولی با ظرفیت بالا هستند. ظاهر این باتریها شبیه پیلهای جیوهای است و نیرو محرکه الکتریکی (EMF) آنها بیشتر از 1.5 ولت است. کاتد این باتری از اکسید نقره و الکترولیت موجود در داخل آن از هیدروکسید پتاسیم یا سدیم ساخته میشود. از آنجایی که فلز نقره گران است، این باتری کاربردهای خیلی محدودی دارد.
پیلهای نقره اکسید ویژگیهای بسیار خوبی دارند که عبارتند از:
- ولتاژ خروجی ثابت این باتری برای تخلیه پایدار مفید است.
- آببندی منحصر به فرد ساختار این باتری باعث میشود که در برابر نشت کردن بسیار مقاوم باشد.
- استفاده از آنتیاکسیدانها به چگالی انرژی بالا در باتری کمک میکند.
از کاربردهای پیل نقره اکسید میتوان به موارد زیر اشاره کرد:
- ساعتهای الکتریکی
- ابزار دقیق
- وسایل پزشکی
- باتری روی-هوا
باتری روی-هوا (Zinc Air) از نوع باتریهای اولیه با طراحی قابل شارژ هستند. در این باتری، کاتد یک بدنه پرمنفذ است که از کربن ساخته شده و به هوا دسترسی دارد. درواقع اکسیژن موجود در هوا به عنوان جرم فعال باتری عمل میکند. تودهای از ذرات روی، آند پرمنفذی را تشکیل میدهد که با الکترولیت اشباع شده است. در حین تخلیه، اکسیژن موجود در هوا با یون هیدروکسیل واکنش داده که منجر به تولید زینکات میشود. زینکات نیز اکسید روی و آب را تولید میکند که به الکترولیت باز میگردد. ولتاژ خروجی این پیل 1.65 ولت است.
باتری ثانویه
باتری قابل شارژ
- این باتری ها را می توان بارها و بارها شارژ نمود و مجددا مورد استفاده قرار داد. به دلیل اینکه امکان شارژ مجدد چندین باره این باتری ها فراهم می باشد، خرید آنها از نظر اقتصادی بسیار مقرون به صرفه خواهد بود. چرا که شما یک بار بابت خرید باتری شارژی هزینه پرداخت می کنید و آن را برای دفعات مختلف مورد استفاده قرار می دهید. باتری های شارژی عموما از طریق شارژر باتری به راحتی شارژ می شوند و پس از شارژ می توانید مجددا از آن ها استفاده کنید.
این باتریها در موارد زیر مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند:
-
- دستبندها و ساعتهای هوشمند
- زیردریایی ها
- کاربردهای نظامی
- دوربینها
- دستگاه شبیه ساز ضربان
- منابع تغذیه برق
باتری های قابل شارژیا ثانویه انواع مختلفی دارند که عبارتند از:
- سرب-اسید
- نیکل کادمیوم
- لیتیوم-یون (Li-ion)
- نیکل-هیدرید فلز (Ni-MH)
- باتری سربی اسیدی
باتری سرب اسید (Lead Acid) یک نمونه بسیار رایج باتریهای قابل شارژ است. معمولاً در منابع تغذیه از این باتریها استفاده میشود. کیفیت باتریهای سربی اسیدی، آنها را از سایر باتریها متمایز میسازد. این باتریها جریان زیادی تولید میکنند و در اتومبیلها نیز مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند. این باتریها هنگام از کار افتادن امکان بازیافت دوباره را دارند. حدود 93 درصد از سرب این باتریها دوباره مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد تا باتریهای سرب اسید جدید ساخته شوند.
باتری لیتیوم-یون
از آنجایی که این باتریها چگالی توان بالایی دارند، معمولاً در الکترونیک از آنها استفاده میشود. این باتریها میتوانند 150 وات-ساعت انرژی را در یک کیلوگرم از جرم خود ذخیره کنند. هنگام تخلیه این باتری، یونهای لیتیوم از الکترود منفی به سمت الکترود مثبت و در جهت مخالف حرکت میکنند. توجه داشته باشید که داغ شدن باتری لیتیوم یون میتواند منجر به آسیبدیدگی و آتش گرفتن آن شود.
باتری نیکل-هیدرید فلز
ماده این باتریها میانفلزی است. این نوع باتریها طول عمر خوب و ظرفیت جریان بالایی دارند و میتوانند 100 وات-ساعت انرژی را در یک کیلوگرم ذخیره کنند. همچنین از نظر حرارتی نسبت به باتریهای لیتیوم-یون مقاومترند. نرخ خود-تخلیه این باتریها نسبت به سایر باتریها زیاد است.
باتری نیکل-کادمیوم
در باتری قابل شارژ نیکل-کادمیوم، از نیکل اکسید هیدروکسید و کادمیوم فلزی به عنوان الکترود استفاده میشود. این باتری قادر است ولتاژ و شارژ الکتریکی را در حالت انبار نگه دارد و از این نظر مفید است. ایراد اصلی باتری نیکل-کادمیوم اثر حافظه یا اثر باتری است که باعث میشود باتری شارژ را کمتر در خود نگه دارد. تحویل ظرفیت نامی در نرخ تخلیه کامل و داشتن چرخه طول عمر خوب در درجه حرارت پایین از جمله مزیتهای باتری نیکل-کادمیوم است.
تفاوت انواع باتری اولیه و ثانویه
از نظر مشخصات، باتریهای اولیه مقاومت داخلی بالا، ظرفیت بالاتر و طراحی کوچکتری دارند. در حالی که باتریهای ثانویه دارای مقاومت داخلی پایین، واکنشهای شیمیایی برگشتپذیر و طراحی پیچیدهای هستند.
از دیدگاه طراحی، باتریهای اولیه معمولاً خشک هستند؛ یعنی مایعی ندارند و پر از خمیری هستند که به یونهای داخل باتری اجازه حرکت میدهد. به همین دلیل است که باتریهای اولیه در برابر نشت کردن مقاوم هستند. اما باتریهای ثانویه از نمک مایع یا مذاب ساخته میشوند.
در جدول زیر، به طور خلاصه، تفاوت بین انواع باتری اولیه و ثانویه و مزایا و معایب آنها ذکر شده است.
از نظر مشخصات، باتریهای اولیه مقاومت داخلی بالاتر، ظرفیت بالاتر و طراحی کوچکتری دارند. در حالی که باتریهای ثانویه دارای مقاومت داخلی پایین، واکنشهای شیمیایی برگشتپذیر و طراحی پیچیدهای هستند.
از دیدگاه طراحی، باتریهای اولیه معمولاً از نوع خشک هستند؛ یعنی مایعی ندارند و از خمیری پر شدهاند که به یونهای داخل باتری اجازه حرکت میدهد. به همین دلیل است که باتریهای اولیه در برابر نشت کردن مقاوم هستند. اما باتریهای ثانویه از نمک مایع یا مذاب ساخته میشوند.
در جدول زیر به طور خلاصه تفاوت بین انواع باتری اولیه و ثانویه و مزایا و معایب آنها را برایتان ذکر کرده ایم:
از نظر مشخصات، باتریهای اولیه مقاومت داخلی بالاتر، ظرفیت بالاتر و طراحی کوچکتری دارند. در حالی که باتریهای ثانویه دارای مقاومت داخلی پایین، واکنشهای شیمیایی برگشتپذیر و طراحی پیچیدهای هستند.
از دیدگاه طراحی، باتریهای اولیه معمولاً از نوع خشک هستند؛ یعنی مایعی ندارند و از خمیری پر شده اند که به یونهای داخل باتری اجازه حرکت میدهد. به همین دلیل است که باتریهای اولیه در برابر نشت کردن مقاوم هستند. اما باتریهای ثانویه از نمک مایع یا مذاب ساخته میشوند.
در جدول زیر به طور خلاصه تفاوت بین انواع باتری اولیه و ثانویه و مزایا و معایب آنها را برایتان ذکر کردهایم:
تفاوت باتری شارژی و غیر شارژی
باتری یدک
- باتریهای یدک (Reserve Battery) به عنوان باتری آماده به کار (Stand-by Battery) نیز شناخته میشوند. الکترولیت این باتریها در حالت جامد تا زمان رسیدن به نقطه ذوب، غیرفعال میماند. به محض رسیدن به نقطه ذوب، هدایت یونی شروع و باتری فعال میشود.
انواع باتریهای یدک عبارتند از:
-
- باتریهای فعال شده با آب
- باتریهای فعال شده با حرارت
- باتریهای فعال شده الکترولیتی
- باتریهای فعال شده با گاز
این باتریها در موارد زیر مورد استفاده قرار میگیرند:
-
- دستگاههای سنجش زمان و فشار
- باتریهای اتومبیل و سایر وسایل نقلیه
- سیستمهای تسلیحاتی
باتری سوختی
- در این دسته از باتریها، مواد فعال از منبع خارجی تغذیه میشوند. پیلهای سوختی تا زمانی که مواد فعال با الکترودها تغذیه شوند، قادر به تولید انرژی الکتریکی هستند. هر سلول در پیلهای سوختی از سه جزء آند، کاتد و الکترولیت و غشا تشکیل شده است. غشای تبادل پروتون از گاز هیدروژن و اکسیژن به عنوان سوخت استفاده میکند. واکنش در داخل پیل صورت میگیرد و نتیجه آن تولید آب، الکتریسیته و حرارت است. اجزای اصلی پیلهای سوختی عبارتند از: آند، کاتد، الکترولیت و کاتالیزور.
مزایای پیل سوختی عبارتند از:
- فرایند تبدیل مستقیم انرژی پتانسیل شیمیایی به انرژی الکتریکی، از فرار حرارتی جلوگیری میکند.
- این پیل به علت نداشتن اجزای متحرک، مناسب و بسیار مطمئن است.
- به علت تولید هیدروژن به روشی سازگار با محیط زیست، در مقایسه با سایر پیلها آسیب نسبتاً کمتری به محیط زیست میرساند.
از کاربردهای پیل سوختی نیز میتوان به موارد زیر اشاره کرد:
-
- این نوع پیل بیشتر در حمل و نقل از جمله در اتومبیلها، اتوبوسها و سایر وسایل نقلیه موتوری مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد.
- پیل سوختی غالباً به عنوان پشتیبان برای تولید الکتریسیته هنگام قطع برق به کار میرود.
انتخاب باتری مناسب بر اساس مصرف
- انتخاب باتری مناسب از بین انواع باتری بر اساس استفادهای که از آن میکنیم، برای جلوگیری از آسیب دیدن وسایل بسیار مهم است. هنگام انتخاب باتری مناسب باید به نکاتی توجه کنیم که در اینجا به برخی از آنها اشاره میکنیم.
اولیه یا ثانویه بودن باتری: این یکی از مهمترین عوامل در انتخاب نوع باتری مناسب برای وسایل برقی است. میتوان از باتری اولیه برای مصارف جزیی و در وسایل در دسترس مانند اسباببازیها و غیره استفاده کرد. اما اگر از وسیلهای برای مدت زمان طولانی استفاده میشود، باتریهای قابل شارژ یا ثانویه مناسبتر خواهند بود.
محدوده دمایی باتری: انتخاب باتری مناسب با دمای مناسب به شما کمک میکند تا خطر گریز حرارتی کاهش یابد. باتریهای لیتیوم-یون میتوانند در محدوده دمایی 20 تا 45 درجه سلسیوس شارژ شوند. شارژ بیش از حد، دمای بالا هنگام شارژ و اتصال کوتاه ممکن است منجر به انفجار باتریها شود و در نهایت به وسیله صدمه بزند.
دوام باتری: دوام باتری اغلب به دو عامل بستگی دارد:
-
- طول عمر هر شارژ
- طول عمر کل
علاوه بر این، عوامل فیزیکی نیز بر طول عمر باتری تأثیر خواهد گذاشت.
چگالی انرژی: مقدار کل انرژی ذخیره شده در باتری در واحد حجم، چگالی انرژی نامیده میشود. چگالی انرژی پایداری باتری را تعیین میکند. به عبارت دیگر، مشخص میکند که دوام باتری تا شارژ مجدد بعدی چقدر است.
ایمنی: انتخاب باتری باید بر اساس دمای عملکرد آن باشد. بعضی مواقع، دمای باتری از حد فراتر میرود و ممکن است به وسایل آسیب بزند. همچنین در صورتی که دمای وسیله بیش از حد بالا باشد، ممکن است کارایی آن کاهش یابد.
باتری وسیله نقلیه الکتریکی
باتری وسایل نقلیه الکتریکی یا EV یکی از انواع باتریها است که برای تأمین توان در یک دوره زمانی مداوم طراحی شده است. سهم این باتریها در بازار در حال افزایش است زیرا ماهیتی سازگار با محیط زیست دارند و از قابلیت اطمینان بالایی برخوردارند.
متداولترین باتریها در اتومبیلهای مدرن، باتری لیتیوم-یون و لیتیوم-پلیمر هستند. باتریهای لیتیوم-یون از نظر خطر شیمیایی ایمنتر هستند. در وسایل نقلیه الکتریکی از دو نوع باتری لیتیوم-یون استفاده میشود: اکسید فلز و فسفات.
این سلولها در قالب ماژول نصب میشوند. درواقع ترکیبی از سلولها را ماژول مینامند. برای مثال در اتومبیل الکتریکی BMW تعداد 96 پیل نصب میشود. در این نوع ماژولها، خنککننده و سیستم مدیریت باتری به صورت یکپارچه با هم ترکیب میشوند. تعدادی از پیلها در چارچوبی قرار داده میشوند که از باتریها در برابر لرزش و گرمای خارجی محافظت میکند.
ساختار باتریهای EV
- در حال حاضر، اتومبیلهای الکتریکی به کمک باتریهای لیتیومی حرکت میکنند. ولتاژ نرمال یک سلول لیتیومی 3.7 ولت است؛ این در حالی است که یک اتومبیل به 300 ولت برق نیاز دارد. برای رسیدن به این مقدار ولتاژ و جریان، پیلهای لیتیومی را به صورت سری و موازی ترکیب میکنند. ترکیب این نوع پیلهای لیتیومی را ماژول مینامند. ماژولها همراه با یک سیستم مدیریت باتری (BMS) با هم در ارتباط هستند و از آنها محفاظت میشود.
لازم است هنگام استفاده از باتری وسایل نقلیه الکتریکی، نکات زیر در نظر گرفته شوند:
-
- نباید اجازه داد باتری به ولتاژ کمتر از ولتاژ قطع (که تخلیه اضافه نیز نامیده میشود) برسد.
- بیشترین بازده تنها زمانی حاصل میشود که مقادیر جریان پایینتر باشد.
- باتریهای EV دارای مقدار نامی برحسب کیلو وات ساعت (KWh) هستند که مشخص میکند باتری وسیله نقلیه چقدر کار خواهد کرد.
- همیشه مقداری خودتخلیه از طرف باتریها وجود دارد.
- سیستم مدیریت باتری کمک میکند تا مقدار شارژ باقیمانده در باتری را بدانیم.
185 نظر در “کاربرد باتری و انواع آن”
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